How Has Computer Hacking Interfered Modern Society Essay

How has computer hacking inferred modern society? In this passage I will be talking briefly about the fundamentals of computer hacking from the past to the present. Computer hacking has changed more over time resulting in computer emergences to corporate system shutdowns. This research paper will be talking about three major parts of computer hacking. The first concept of hacking is the origin of creation. The next part will be how hacking has affect on the present-day society. Finally, the last piece of information will be going over the future of system hacking. What is a hack you may ask your self but not have an answer or one word phrase for the term? A hack has always been a kind of shortcut or modification, a way to bypass or rework the standard operation of an object or system. The first computer hackers emerge at MIT. They borrow their name from a term to describe members of a model train group at the school who hack the electric trains, tracks, and switches to make them perform faster and differently. A few of the members transfer their curiosity and rigging skills to the new mainframe computing systems being studied and developed on campus. Hacking groups begin to form. Among the first are Legion of Doom in the United States, and Chaos Computer Club in Germany. The movie â€Å"War Games† introduces the public to hacking. A computer hacker intends to ruin businesses performing an act much more unprincipled than an enthusiastic biologist ‘hacking’ away at work or theory. The truth is that computer hacking is in fact easy in the general sense, but more consideration must be given. Some aspects of hacking are used in everyday life and you may not know that accessing wireless internet from another person’s account is considered wireless hacking even though your borrowing there connection. During the 1970’s, a different kind of hacker appeared: the phreaks or phone hackers. They learned ways to hack the telephonic system and make phone calls for free. Within these group of people, a phreaker became famous because a simple discovery. John Draper, also known as Captain Crunch, found that he could make long distance calls with a whistle. He built a blue box that could do this and the Esquire magazine published an article on how to build them. Fascinated by this discovery, two kids, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, decided to sell these blue boxes, starting a business friendship which resulted in the founding of Apple. By the 1980’s, phreaks started to migrate to computers, and the first Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) appeared. BBS are like the yahoo groups of today, were people posted messages on any kind of topic. The BBS used by hackers specialized in tips on how to break into computers, how to use stolen credit card numbers and share stolen computer passwords. It wasn’t until 1986 that the U. S. government realized the danger that hackers represented to the national security. As a way to counteract this menace, the Congress passed the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, making computer breaking a crime across the nation. During the 1990’s, when the use of the internet became widespread around the world, hackers multiplied, but it wasn’t until the end of the decade that system’s security became mainstream among the public. Today, we are accustomed to hackers, crackers, viruses, Trojans, worms and all of the techniques we need to follow to combat them. Hackers were classified into three unusual types the first category is called In-house hacker. In-house hacker is an employee who is responsible for operating and maintaining the system, who interacts immediately with the system as a programmer or data entry employee and is aware of all the system security capabilities and gaps. He and should be the guard of the system but for different motivations he hacks the system and gets what he needs betraying all the trust given to him. The second type is called super hacker who doesn’t interact with the system but at the same time monitors the system on daily basis and has an eye on what is going on and what type of data is entered at what time then depending on the entries he decides the moment he should get these information and retrieve them for personal motivations while the third type is called professional hacker and this hacker is very strong and capable of getting any type of data, he has the ability of persuading the user or the operator to provide him with the needed information by programming tricks or user friendly screens and this kind of hackers often gets unique training specially when being used in military tasks as what happened in the cold war. Theses are just brief ways hackers have impacted the modern world we all live in. Within the past year there have been two major cases right in the area. Both involve extensive damage, and both are currently in court. The closest case is that of Thomas Crandall, otherwise known as St. Elmo’s Fire. Crandall is accused of estroying attendance and discipline records in a computer at Central Technical and Vocational Center. Police charge that Crandall used a personal computer at his home to access the computer. He is also accused of doing $25,000 in damage to files at Waste Management Inc. of Oakbrook, Ill. Crandall’s attorney claims that many other students also had access to the computer, and that to single out Crandall in unfair. Hackers are responsible of the huge development in computer and internet technology, but these days we consider them as thieves and intruders who penetrated our own privacy and used the achievements they were behind for their own benefit. Hackers have different opinions and motivations. However, they all share the spirit of challenge and always trying to prove their capabilities of doing what all believe is impossible maybe because they were mistreated, or doubts surrounded their abilities and past achievements. Hackers believe that information should be shared and they fight against information owning. Effects that hacking caused and still causing to the society can’t be ignored. Hacking nowadays is taking new phases and the danger is increasing because we are now living in a society that runs by ICT, and any attack to the ICT especially in advanced countries will cause vital consequences. ICT still lacks a powerful security tools that are capable of tracking, catching hackers, and protecting computer systems from their attacks. My own view is that the best way to protect ICT from hackers is to study their psychology and try to understand their way of thinking, because hackers are human beings, who have two sides; evil and good, and they used to show their good side but suddenly they turned to be evil. The reasons which caused the transformation from good to evil individuals should be studied and given the highest priority in the war against hackers because since we put our hands on the cause, we can fix it to reach for better effects. People can grocery shop, earn degrees, receive bank statements and pay bills from their laptop or PC. The possibilities are endless when it comes to simplifying life with the help of the World Wide Web, but at the same time possibilities are endless hackers to complicate your life with cyber crimes. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a hacker as both â€Å"an expert at programming and solving problems with a computer† and â€Å"a person who illegally gains access to and sometimes tampers with information in a computer system. † Those three reasons I have stated above were the hackings past present and future. Until technology stops growing the possibility of hackers is limited less.

Year-round Schooling Arguement Essay

Well If your previous answer was yes, I have you know that you shouldn't. Imagine a whole year of finally succeeding in your honors classes, receiving all Ass and obtaining lots of new information. So as a reward your mother allows you to stay with your grandparents in Puerco Rice for the entire summer. You practically have the time of your life not even laying hands on a single book.When you arrive back and you attend your first day of school, you are shocked to see that you've practically forgotten all of the information of the past year. Now, you must waste your precious class time and time outside of school to regain all of that Information. Year-round schooling should be Implemented across the U. S. In order to improve retention. Reasons that it should be implemented is because programs that help increase retention over the summer are not accessible to everyone and even with good amounts of sleep, students do not perform any better on standardized tests.Some might say that summe r schools/tutoring programs to keep students Involved in learning In the summer are available to everyone, but that Is false. In reality, summer programs are accessible to those of higher income and not those of lower income because of this though students of lower income forget what they've learned over the course of the year. Summer vacation is causing those students to spend too much time outside of educational environment and because of that, their retention decreases.So, undeniably, year- mound schooling could stop summer break from sullying students' education. It is said that even with sufficient sleep, only half of students tested with year-round schooling made Adequate Yearly Progress. The real truth is that with smaller breaks in the year students got sufficient sleep which enhanced their memory. In addition to memory, sleep improves focus, stamina, and attention span. With year-round schooling students became more perennial with their work and were less likely inclined to cause a brouhaha class.It is ultimately up to the students' and staffs' illnesses whether or not to excel in school with year-round schooling, Just like regular school. It Is of common belief that students' performance In school Is solely based on their Intelligence and focus. However, society Is endlessly suggesting excuses in attempt to justify the factors counting against students' success in school. Factors such as how qualified a teacher is, teaching methods, the type of environment, or the amount of discipline in class can count against students' school excellence.Honestly, the possibilities are endless and the main hindrance to successful student education Is summer vacation. Mitchell Feldman, a writer had Douglas high school In Parkland, Florida, states research that â€Å"According to the university of Missouri and Tennessee State university, student achievement test scores decline over summer vacation and summer loss equals about one month on a grade level equivalent sca le. † He states that â€Å"If vacations were shortened, retention would increase. This Just proves only how detrimental summer vacation is, and how beneficial year-round schooling Is.Year-round schooling should be Implemented across the U. S. In order to Improve retention. Also because programs even with good amounts of sleep, students do not perform any better on standardized tests, and because summer break is a main factor in the academic failure of students. This academic failure will continue to worsen if year-round schooling isn't implemented. The question lies whether we should resume deteriorating the future of our schools, or make a change. So I ask you, does summer vacation seem all that worth it to you now?

The UK Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The UK Constitution - Essay Example Critically evaluate this statement, supporting your evaluation with appropriate examples and authority.† A Constitution is normally defined as the basic framework by which a state is governed. It usually outlines, in broad terms, the powers of a state as well as their limitations vis-a-vis the rights of its citizens. Some of the broad classifications of constitutions are: written or unwritten; republican or monarchical; flexible or rigid; unitary or federal; supreme or subordinate, and; underpin by separation of powers principle or fused powers. 1 The UK Constitution is one of the few constitutions in the world that is characterised as written but uncodified although some see it as unwritten. It is sourced from statutes, judicial decisions, old legal codes, relevant legal textbooks such as those authored by Dicey and Anson, in addition to unwritten ones such as common law and convention. 2 The nature of the UK Constitution, however, cannot be thoroughly understood by a mere ide ntification of these sources, but one must travel back in time and study the country’s history, its type of government and relevant legal concepts such as Parliamentary Sovereignty to fully understand its nature. Moreover, a correct understanding of its nature disproves the criticism that the rules and practices underpinning the government’s operation are unconstitutional because they were not made specifically enforceable by a document. The UK Constitution is characterised as largely written, although some see it as unwritten, but uncodified, a constitutional monarchy, flexible, unitary, supreme, and operates under the fused power principle.3 The fact that it has not been reduced to simple terms in one single written document, however, makes it lacking in simplicity and comprehensiveness. Thes underlying rules and principles of the UK Constitution, therefore, have to be gleaned, extracted and made sense of from a number of sources without guaranty that consensus as to their meaning will be reached. 4 These sources include: the Magna Carta 1215, which clipped the monarchical powers; the Bill of Rights 1609, which created the constitutional monarchy; Act of Union 1707 creating Great Britain by uniting England and Scotland; Representation of the People Act 1832, which restructured the electoral laws of the country; Parliament Act 1911, which reduced the power of law-rejection of the Lords to a two-year delay; Life Peerage Act 1958, reformed the House of Lords; Representation of the People Act 1969, which made 18 the minimum voting age, and; House of Lords Act 1999 that further reformed the House of Lords. 5 Aside from statutes, other sources of the UK Constitution also include prerogative powers or powers traditionally exercised by the Crown, most of which, at present, had been devolved to ministers on behalf of the Crown; judicial decisions or case law; convention, whose informal form often make it a source of disputes; and texts and other seconda ry sources. 6 To assail the constitutionality of rules and principles because of the absence of a document that compels their legal enforceability is to reject the distinction between written and rigid constitutions on the one hand, and customary and flexible constitutions, on the other. It implies a rejection of unwritten, codified and rigid constitutions such as those of the Romans and the ancient Greece, for example. In contemporary times, New Zealand and Israel, aside from the UK, have only partly codified constitutions. 7 The legitimacy of the Westminster model of government implies the legitimacy of the UK Constitution and all appurtenant rules and principles that are necessary for its enforceability. Under the Westminster model, power is concentrated in the hands of the legislature as

Figurative Language versus Literal Language Essay - 10

Figurative Language versus Literal Language - Essay Example Problem solving becomes easier when the analogy of an event is understood. Metaphor is a figure of speech. Direct comparison is usually a metaphor, for instance he was a lion in the battlefield is a metaphor, it goes to show that the man fought like a lion in the battlefield but the word like would not be used in a metaphor. Hyperbole is another figure of speech which means over exaggeration, when someone or something normal is presented in a grand manner it is called hyperbole. The following is an example of a hyperbole "I was helpless. I did not know what in the world to do. I was quaking from head to foot, and could have hung my hat on my eyes, they stuck out so far." (Hyperbole) Simile refers to indirect comparison, it is different from metaphor, words like like and as are used in a simile, for instance her house is like a jail is a simile. You are not as good as he is, this is another example of a simile. Euphemism is another very important figure of speech, it means putting things more subtly. When an offensive word or phrase is substituted with a less offensive word or phrase it is called euphemism, for instance a prostitute is not called a prostitute by some people, they say lady of easy virtue or a painted lady, this is euphemism. They do not say they want to go to the toilet, rather they say we would like to go to the powder room or they would ask where the facilities are, this is euphemism. Colloquialism is â€Å"an informal expression that is more often used in casual  conversation  than in formal speech or writing.† (Colloquialism) He was dumped by her is an example of colloquialism, these were some very important figure of

Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Story - Essay Example He argued and said that I can still flip in a rubberized mat which is true. But it is very painful to flip on a rubberized mat compared to a cushioned mat because rubberized mat is very hard. I told him that it’s best to use cushioned mat because he can still practice his Arnis even though it’s cushioned mat flooring. My brother didn’t have any experience in Aikido while I had experience in Arnis. The main conflict was about choosing the best type of flooring for the gym. Using critical thinking, I found out that my brother isn’t open-minded to people’s point of view. He is basing his own reasoning on his perception which he has no insight and experience on the matter of flipping and rolling in a certain mat. Using critical thinking, I know it is best to use the cushioned mat because I can train properly on my techniques in Aikido and he can also train properly his techniques in Arnis. I am basing my reasoning from my insight and experience from training both Aikido and Arnis which lead me to have a strong reasoning that it is best to use cushioned mat because it will work for the both of us I had developed the habit of being open-minded. Because wherever you are, whatever you are doing it is best to gain insights from experienced people in order for us to strengthen our point of view with

Technology makes communication easier in today's world. Many people Essay

Technology makes communication easier in today's world. Many people choose to work at home in front of a computer screen. What d - Essay Example However, there are number of adverse effects of this trend, though only visible in the long term. Less communication leading to isolation One would easily assume that working from home using computer helps reduce wastage of time on travel to and fro. However, it also means that people no longer interact with others in the community. In other words, when someone works from home using computer, he shrinks into his own private world and does not get any chance to interact with other people, even the people next door. In simple words, it leads to alienation of individuals in the society. As Kraut, Patterson, Lundmark et al (1998) state man is a social animal that requires constant socialization, the absence of which will lead to many physical and mental illnesses which are seem to be increasing in the present world. For example, the increasing levels of stress related problems are attributed directly to the modern working culture, and thus to the use of computer that restricts social int eraction (Kraut et al). This, in turn, will lead to problems like high blood pressure. These issues are accompanied by all those problems which are associated with sedentary jobs in general starting from obesity. In addition, computer can be termed an asocial means of communication. The normal way of communication people have is to spend more time with ones friends and family and less time with strangers. However, computer altered this concept totally. Now, people prefer to spend more time with strangers whom they meet on the net and less time their near and dear ones. In other words, the entertainment offered by computer is totally asocial in nature. Impact of telecommuting on family Family, as the basic unit of society, requires proper attention and is the sphere where telecommuting has the greatest impact. To begin with, it is a common concept that when one works from home, he would get more time to interact with his family, thus leading to an improvement in familial relations. A ccording to many, it also provides time flexibility. However, in practice, what is seen is quite contradictory in nature. People often tend to spend more time on work than their usual working hours thus reducing the time spent on social interactions. In addition, there is more possibility of their work spillover affecting their family relations and family situations can affect the quality of their work. In addition, working from home takes away the usual concepts of weekend holidays and other free times and thus, instead of helping the people have more freedom, it only adds to their tension as many a time, working independently involves more care and responsibility than working under supervision. Effect on the quality of work It is often found that telecommuting seriously affects the quality of work done by employees. There are various reasons behind this fall. First of all, the raw recruits are denied the chance to interact with the more experienced ones who might be happy sharing their work-related experiences over a cup of coffee. In the office culture, a junior may get a ridiculously simple solution for a jargon nagging him for many days from a senior who had such experiences in the past. In addition, for bosses, it provides a chance to give a warning to an employee who errs very often. In fact, work-related knowledge grows only

Enterprise Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Enterprise Architecture - Essay Example The article provides a brief overview of the TOGAF framework, in simple and comprehensive terms. The author offers an architecture development methodology, based on TOGAF and comprising four steps: tailoring TOGAF to suit enterprise needs; defining the scope of work; overseeing development; and managing post-implementation aspects. Banerjee claims that the TOGAF architecture is not the ultimate solution but merely a starting point in the development of effective enterprise solutions. The article can be extremely useful in the study of various enterprise architecture frameworks. In this article, the TOGAF framework is the central object of analysis. The researchers assert that the main rules and principles of rule-driven systems are too old to be effective. Nonetheless, they have the potential to provide better insight into the rational structure of enterprise architecture frameworks. Bommel et al (2006) use the rules of the TOGAF network to analyze two examples and conclude that, eve n if certain formulations lead to redundancy, they should not be discarded, not to distort the EA picture. Designing enterprise architecture models is not an easy task. Compatibility of various frameworks presents another issue. In this article, the authors discuss and evaluate the TOGAF architecture framework and its relation to architecture development method. The results show how TOGAF can complement EA management and provide the basis for resolving EA related concerns. Carraro and Chong provide a detailed description of the Software as a Service model of enterprise architecture. The benefits and considerations for embracing SaaS are discussed. The article sheds light on how SaaS affects information technologies and how to become a SaaS provider. The article is an excellent source of information about SaaS and become the starting point in the analysis of SaaS applications and frameworks.

BATNA Basics Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BATNA Basics Assignment - Research Paper Example It is, therefore, before this stage that an individual takes time to think about all other possible options available, including the possible no-deal options (NMR 1). If the individual think and explore best options, then he or she has higher chances of proper and satisfying outcomes. Evaluate your alternatives. After listing all the possible options available, an individual moves to give the options a close examination and calculates the value attached to each of them before pursuance of each. Establish your BATNA. At this step, the individual must be careful to choose only courses of action that are viable in terms of yielding the expected value. The individual pursues the BATNA if the ongoing negotiation fails. It must have high chances of providing a positive solution. Calculate your value of reservation. In this step, the individual calculates his or her reservation value. The lowest proposed value deal that would be acceptable to the individual must not be lower than the reservation value chosen. If the proposed reservation value is lower than his reservation value, then the individual better rejects and subsequently pursues the original BATNA. However, if the reservation offer has higher value than the calculated reservation value, then accept it. Forgoing options after investing your resources in it creates a feeling of wastage. It thus requires that the individual find way of counterbalancing the situation (NMR 1). In addition, negotiations that are more costly during strong BATNA development may deter an individual’s efforts and behavior. The other hazard is that the negotiating individual may feel disappointed and exposed if all the details he reveals fail to yield expected outcomes. Prior investments have high likelihood of compromising ethical standards and emerging from sunk cost shadow cast become

UK Security Management Practice and Regulatory Acts Essay

UK Security Management Practice and Regulatory Acts - Essay Example This essay stresses that the role of the private companies in breaching the gap made by inadequate public security forces to curb crime and insecurity especially in the face of new threats including terrorism, cyber crime and juvenile delinquency including drug abuse and malicious damage provide a valuable service to the country. However, the PSI Act seeks to regulate the sector to ensure conformity with the rules especially regarding privacy and other human rights infringements that may be easily possible under an ambiguous setting. Investigative security agents within the private sector must therefore perform their duties in total compliance with these regulations and guidelines. Within organisations, internal investigations are often the subject of much controversy especially due to the likelihood of violating employee human rights when intruding on their personal information. This paper makes a conclusion that security management as practised by both public and private investigators is thus confronted by many obstacles as they seek research or information on individuals in addition to when doing other security duties particularly due to the proliferation of many indistinct rules that grant much advantage to subjects under investigation and even criminal elements that are protected by these legislative Acts. Although these Acts are primarily aimed at protecting intrusive and unsolicited violations of individual privacy and human rights, they inadvertently hinder proper investigation, research and crime prevention.